Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a widely utilized imaging technique in the evaluation of female infertility. It is particularly indicated for assessing fallopian tube anomalies before and after gynecological surgeries. In addition, HSG routinely evaluates the shape and borders of the uterine cavity, offering valuable insights into potential pathologies affecting this structure. The uterus is a complex organ whose functional integrity highly depends on the preservation of its anatomical structure. A variety of gynecological diseases can compromise this structure. Surgical intervention remains the treatment of choice for a broad range of both acquired and congenital gynecological conditions. The primary objective of such surgeries is to restore normal uterine anatomy and function, thereby improving symptoms, fertility outcomes, or both. Nonetheless, surgical procedures—ranging from minimally invasive techniques to extensive operations—may inadvertently damage the uterine architecture. Recognizing potential postoperative complications and their effects on the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes is crucial for both surgeons and clinicians involved in women’s health. In this study, we explore late-onset postoperative complications affecting the fallopian tubes and/or uterine cavity, which impact fertility and can be detected by HSG in infertile women.

Firoozeh Ahmadi obtained her radiology and sonography specialty certifications from Iran University of Medical Science in 1997, respectively. Between 1997 and 2000, she worked at Fatemiye University of Medical Sciences, Qom, as a faculty member and head of the radiology department. Since 2004, she has been serving as a faculty member and head of the imaging research group at Royan Institute. Currently, her primary research focuses on imaging related to female infertility. She has published 93 articles in national and international journals and has presented 176 abstracts at national and international congresses.